The present article aims at addressing such lack of information. Even less is known on the relationship between content similarity and topological structure. Since there are no foolproof techniques for automatically discovering Tor hidden services, little or no information is available about the topology of the Tor Web graph. The attention of the research community has focused on assessing the security of the Tor infrastructure (i.e., its ability to actually provide the intended level of anonymity) and on discussing what Tor is currently being used for. However, the unique characteristics of the Tor network limit the applicability of standard techniques and demand for specific algorithms to explore and analyze it. The exploration and analysis of Web graphs has flourished in the recent past, producing a large number of relevant and interesting research results. ![]() ![]() The domain structure is publicly available as a dataset at \url. Our study is the product of crawling over 1 million pages from 20,000 Tor seed addresses, yielding a collection of over 150,000 Tor pages. ![]() We also present measurements that (regrettably) suggest how marketplaces of illegal drugs and services do emerge as the dominant type of Tor domain. We recover nine domain types defined by the information or service they host and, among other findings, unveil how some types of domains intentionally silo themselves from the rest of Tor. We perform a comprehensive crawl of the Tor dark web and, through topic and network analysis, characterize the 'types' of information and services hosted across a broad swath of Tor domains and their hyperlink relational structure. This work addresses this gap by presenting a broad evaluation of the content of the English Tor ecosystem. A survey of past studies may thus not yield a complete evaluation of the content and use of Tor. Past studies on the content of Tor support this notion, but were carried out by targeting popular domains likely to contain illicit content. It has noble uses, including as a platform for free speech and information dissemination under the guise of true anonymity, but may be culturally better known as a conduit for criminal activity and as a platform to market illicit goods and data. Tor is among most well-known dark net in the world. Our study is the product of crawling near 2 million pages from 23,145 onion seed addresses, over a three-month period. We identify that Tor directories have closest proximity to all other Web resources and significantly contribute to both communication and information dissemination through the network which emphasizes on the main application of Tor as information provider to the public. Results recover the dark-to-surface network as a single massive connected component where over 90% of Tor hidden services have at least one link to the surface world despite their interest in being isolated from surface Web tracking. They also provide reports regarding the type of information and services provided by Tor domains. The analyses also consider how linking to surface websites can change the overall hyperlink structure of Tor hidden services. This work addresses this gap by presenting a broad evaluation of the network of referencing from Tor to surface Web and investigates to what extent Tor hidden services are vulnerable against this type of information leakage. However, there is still lack of knowledge about the information leakage attributed to the linking from Tor hidden services to the surface Web. ![]() So far, most research attention has been focused on investigating the security and privacy concerns of Tor and characterizing the topic or hyperlink structure of its hidden services. Tor is one of the most well-known networks that protects the identity of both content providers and their clients against any tracking or tracing on the Internet.
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